This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors, the overall economy, food inflation, and therefore the general population's quality and cost of living. Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of adiabatic cooling and condensation of the moist rising air. Daytime scene showing the pre-monsoon air over India. Date: 8 July 2007: Source: Transferred from ml.wikipedia to Commons by Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction, causing the northeast monsoon. Prior to onset of Monsoon, pre-Monsoon weather activities pick up pace and the entire state of Kerala experiences intense rain showers. 1. Around 65% of the rainfall occurs from June to August corresponding to the Southwest monsoon, and the rest from September to December corresponding to Northeast monsoon. And when coupled with the traditional theory (based on the heating of sea and land), it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with orographic barriers. Since 1950s, the South Asian summer monsoon has been exhibiting large changes, especially in terms of droughts and floods. And Northeast monsoon, also known as the retreating monsoon, comes around October-November. The reverse condition is known as La Niña. It states that during the hot subtropical summers, the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas, resulting in a pressure gradient from south to north. Fourth, they are a major factor in the. [29] When EQUINOO effects are factored in, certain failed forecasts, like the acute drought of 2002, can be further accounted for. [11], Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas. An index to calculate it was also formulated. [54], The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area. According to this theory, the monsoon is a result of the shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) under the influence of the vertical sun. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. NEW DELHI: The monsoon, which hit Kerala on Saturday after a week’s delay, has advanced into more areas in the state, southern Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep among other regions, including the southern Arabian Sea.Rain is likely to be lower than average across the country in June and July before strengthening in the final two months of the season, an official said, underscoring worries … However, invariably Monsoon arrives over the state before or after its normal onset date. When the southeast trade winds cross the equator, they are perceived in the Northern Hemisphere as equatorial westerlies because they seem to blow from the equator toward the Tropic of Cancer. [Note 5] However, because of the Coriolis effect (which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right, whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left), these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere, transforming into southwest trades. There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent. Third, they contribute to the convergence of the Bay of Bengal branch and Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds, increasing the intensity of precipitation over the northern part of the subcontinent. A view of a flooded road after Monsoon rains in Kochi Kerala took lessons from 2018 floods, all set to manage any disaster this monsoon 3 min read. There have been books written and films made which showcase the beauty of the state during the season. The temperatures range from a maximum of 29 to 23 degrees centigrade. This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months. Any fluctuations in the time distribution, spatial distribution, or quantity of the monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts, causing the agricultural sector to suffer. [29] A Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, has been formulated by the Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) to measure the strength of the oscillation. As such, the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt, causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains. The monsoon turns large parts of India from semi-deserts into green grasslands. [31] For example, the strong ENSO of 1997 did not cause drought in India. Meanwhile, there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during the years 1950 to 2015, over the entire central belt of India, leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses. Monsoon in Kerala. In Kerala , people enjoy a very moderate climate. Without them, the southwest monsoon winds would blow right over the Indian subcontinent into, For the northeast monsoon, the highlands of the, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 10:29. The unique geographic relief features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of the above factors to occur simultaneously. The floods resulted in the death of at least 22 people. The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon. 11 z 14 dystryktów stanu zostało zalanych. However, the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low-pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves. This is the absolute destination to enjoy Monsoon in Kerala. Author: Devanshy at Malayalam Wikipedia: Licensing . Powodzie w Kerali – klęska żywiołowa powodzi, która nawiedziła Keralę, stan w południowo-zachodnich Indiach, w sierpniu 2018 roku. [45] A sixteen-parameter monsoon forecasting model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003. [49] [49], The down side however is that when monsoon rains are weak, crop production is low leading to higher food prices with limited supply. Places like Kerala and the Western Ghats get a large number of tourists, both local and foreigners, during the monsoon season. This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds, but casts it as one of several factors rather than the only one. This theory tries to explain the establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons, as well as unique features like "bursting" and variability. [3] On the same day, the Air India Express Flight 1344 carrying 191 people crashed in Kerala, resulting in the death of 18 people and the wounding of several others. Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land, higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land. After arriving slightly before time, Southwest Monsoon has now covered the entire state of Kerala. The jet streams are systems of upper-air westerlies. Meanwhile, Monsoon rains may reduce marginally over Kerala and adjoining South Karnataka. South West Monsoon in Kerala : Southwest monsoon is the main rainy season in Kerala. Szczególnie silne opady miały miejsce 8 sierpnia. School Certificates Ruined In Flood, Kerala … For those who enjoy downpours what better time to be in Kerala than the Monsoon season. In the case of the monsoon, the cause is primarily orographic, due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds. Kerala was also flooded in 2018 and 2019 . Alappuzha The northward shift is not a slow and gradual process, as expected for most changes in weather pattern. [2] As a security measure during the prevailing situation of heavy rains, the India Meteorological Department issued a red alert for the 3 districts of Wayanad, Kozhikkode and Idukki. Monsoon rains are likely to hit the southern Kerala coast in two days, a top weather official said on Monday, easing concerns about the onset delay threatening plantings of … To be in Kerala during the Onam festival is a delight. New Delhi: Kerala, one of the southernmost states of India that shares its coastline with the Arabian Sea, has experienced numerous floods in the past.Monsoon has wreaked havoc in ‘God’s Own Country’ for decades and what we see today is just another paradigm of nature’s fury. [Note 6] These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit the highlands of the Indian Peninsula. Heavy rains in Idukki have caused severe landslide in Munnar in which at least 52 people died and nearly 19 were reported missing. The dynamic theory explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds. Southern oscillation, a phenomenon first observed by Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker, director general of observatories in India, refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia. [6], The unnatural increase in rainfall was caused by a monsoon surge, which was aided by a strong Somali Current or Somali Jet and a low-pressure on the Bay of Bengal which dragged strong monsoon winds towards the Western Coast of India. Consequently, with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer, the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it. [citation needed], Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM), The name of the wind is based on the direction that it blows, First, the Himalayas serve as orographic barriers to the southwest monsoon winds. [29] Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect. Because of its effect on agriculture, on flora and fauna, and on the climates of nations such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka – among other economic, social, and environmental effects – the monsoon is one of the most anticipated, tracked,[3] and studied weather phenomena in the region. Monsoon In Kerala, IndiaKerala receives most of its rainfall in two distinguished monsoon seasons. [159] As a security measure in the prevailing situation of heavy rains, the India Meteorological Department had issued Red alert in the 9 districts in Northern and Central Kerala, orange alert in 3 districts of Central Kerala, and yellow alert in the 2 districts of southern Kerala. [29] However, it was later discovered that, just like ENSO in the Pacific Ocean, a similar seesaw ocean-atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play. Strength: The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India. Onam Festivities Be part of the Onam festivities during your trip to Kerala . [29] With a positive IOD, winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west. On 7 August 2020, due to heavy rainfall in the monsoon season, severe floods affected Kerala , India. In 2003, IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology, model,[44] and administration. The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the Indian Meteorological Department with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables.[28]. [14][15] Similarly, the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean daily rainfall over the affected regions. In some years, it rains too much, causing floods in parts of India; in others, it rains too little or not at all, causing droughts. This crowds city slums and aggravates the infrastructure and sustainability of city life. 7. Kerala's rains are mostly the result of seasonal monsoons. [29], Ultimately, the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean. This results in the southwest monsoon. Despite progress in alternative forms of irrigation, agricultural dependence on the monsoon remains far from insignificant. [16], However, a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon – that is, one that performs close to statistical averages calculated over a long period. As the Tibetan Plateau heats up, the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north. These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas, causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands. Kerala was also flooded in 2018 and 2019. As a result, Kerala averages some 120–140 rainy days per year. They receive more than 11,000 millimeters of rain each from the monsoon. Two factors are essential for rain formation: Additionally, one of the causes of rain must happen. But with continuous dropping pressure, sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period. An extravagant place for spending monsoon in Kerala; known for the famous Bekal fort this place is packed with many other forts, beaches and hills. They follow the principle of geostrophic winds. Updated: 10 Jun 2019, 08:06 AM IST Nidheesh M.K. [Note 7]. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin, process, strength, variability, distribution, and general vagaries of the monsoon, but understanding and predictability are still evolving. About Monsoon in Kerala! As part of humanitarian response from NGO's - IAG Kerala, RedR India and Sphere India conveyed a meeting on Palakkad for the preparedness and response plan with respect to the ongoing heavy rainfall situation and all districts Inter Agency Group (IAGs) are activated in the State on August 8th. [4][5] Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Monsoon clouds - panoramio.jpg 1,600 × 1,200; 349 KB Monsoon Clouds Over Kochi.jpg 1,029 × 683; 130 KB Rainbow - Kochi from top of a building 01.jpg 3,264 × 1,840; 2.25 MB The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds, thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean. A strong easterly tropical jet results in a strong southwest monsoon over central India, and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon. Over India, a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season. [55] Monsoon season in Kerala is a unique experience. Therefore, the agricultural calendar of India is governed by the monsoon. [44] However, following the 2009 drought in India (worst since 1972),[46] The department decided in 2010 that it needed to develop an "indigenous model"[47] to further improve its prediction capabilities. [38] Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean—on which is warming faster than the other. First observed by World War II pilots, they develop just below the tropopause over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface. The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds, leading to a second, minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months. With the northward shift of the vertical sun, this jet shifts north, too. Change of direction or origin of winds alters their nomenclature as noted above. The monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons. The summer monsoon and the winter monsoon determine the climate for most of India and Southeast Asia and the Monsoon that hist Kerala in June for which the entire India waits for is the summer monsoon.The summer monsoon has been called Indias true finance minister and when the monsoon is late, the regions economy suffers. The main types are the polar jets, the subtropical westerly jets, and the less common tropical easterly jets. These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in India for any given year. In some years, the rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary. Second, they help confine the winds to the subcontinent, hampering their northward progress. The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884,[41] and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about the quantity, distribution, and timing of the monsoon rains. A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002–2014, possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall. Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible, they do cause precipitation on their own. The "bursting"[14] of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and the dynamic theory. This season ( Edavappathi - as the rains starts by the middle of the Malayalam month Edavam ) begins by the end of May or early June with the outset of the southwest monsoon winds. [29] Further, the two poles of the IOD – the eastern pole (around Indonesia) and the western pole (off the African coast) — independently and cumulatively affect the quantity of monsoon rains. One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed. An early shift results in an early monsoon. According to this theory, during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts north, pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea. El Niño is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of Peru that replaces the usual cold Humboldt Current. These include diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera, and colds. [12], The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the Bay of Bengal and reverse winds from the South China Sea. geographical features of the Indian subcontinent, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Department of Science and Technology (DST), former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Districtwise Drought Climatology Of The Southwest Monsoon Season over India Based on Standardized Precipitation Index, "India cheers as monsoon arrives; hopes of better farm output raised", "India cheers as monsoon arrives in Kerala", "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, Glossary", "Class 9 CBSE Geography Climate The Mechanism of Monsoons - Wiki", "Agronomic Measures in Dryland Agriculture: An Overview", "Budget must focus on Growth, Food Inflation, FDI, Govt B/s: G Chokkalingam", "Monsoon withdrawal dates on Map of India", "Met. This system was discovered in 1999 and named the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The Himalayas play more than the role of orographic barriers for the monsoon. In the recent past, rainfall variability in short time periods (about a week) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia. Kerala's State Disaster Management Authority, Kerala police along with the Indian Air Force, civilians, volunteers, fishermen from coastal Kerala are actively taking part in the rescue operations in flood-affected regions. This is known as sea breeze. This was because the runway of Calicut airport was flooded and visibility was less because of heavy rain. Take a journey to this historic destination with your loved ones , famously known for the song from Bombay movie. The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern s… [52] His own career prospects, his emotional well-being, and the performance of his monetary policy are all "a hostage" to the monsoon, he said, as is the case for most Indians. Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator, the two tropics, the Arctic and Antarctic circles, and the two polar regions, giving rise to the trade winds, the westerlies, and the polar easterlies. The prevailing winds of the atmospheric circulation arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of thermal energy on the planet. Mawsynram and Cherrapunji, both in the Indian state of Meghalaya, alternate as the wettest places on Earth given the quantity of their rainfall,[48] though there are other cities with similar claims. [4] On 9 August 2020, 49 people died during a landslide at a tea plantation in Rajamala. One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed. Because of the lofty Himalayas, the westerly jet's movement is inhibited. Now also, Monsoon is yet to mark its onset in Kerala. Monsoon hit the Kerala coast today after being delayed by a week commencing the four-month rainfall season in the country. This results in the north-to-south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon. [5] The state is reeling under damage to property worth Rs 19,000 crore, death of people, livestock and heavy loss to agriculture, especially in Kuttanad, Alappuzha, also known as ‘Kerala’s Rice Bowl’ and the state has submitted a comprehensive plan to Central government to improve the disaster management capacity of the state. Westerly winds were exceptionally strong at the 850 hPa level, which helped the monsoon currents to penetrate into the ghats. Terminologies and Glossary - Monsoon", "Climate glossary - Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)", "Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation", "Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient", "The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming", "Warming Indian Ocean, weakening monsoon", "Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall due to Changes in Land Use Land Cover", "A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India", "Seasonal prediction of the Indian monsoon", "Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon(SPIM)", "IMD's new operational models for long-range forecast of southwest monsoon rainfall over India and their verification for 2003", "Man behind old monsoon model goes out quietly", "India needs indigenous monsoon model for better prediction, says IMD chief", "Cherrapunji no longer wettest Challenge comes from nearby village", "Monsoon affects economy, health in India", https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/monsoon-illnesses-in-india-all-you-need-to-know, Indian Meteorological Department Official Website, Monsoon On-Line, an Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India initiative, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsoon_of_South_Asia&oldid=999073707, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The presence of abundant water bodies around the subcontinent: the, The presence of abundant highlands like the. The unique geographical features of the Indian subcontinent, along with associated atmospheric, oceanic, and geophysical factors, influence the behavior of the monsoon. The high temperature during the summer over the Tibetan Plateau, as well as over Central Asia in general, is believed to be the critical factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India. The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau, coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau, generate the tropical easterly jet over central India. It affects the Indian subcontinent, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. As such, during the northern summer (May and June), the ITCZ moves north, along with the vertical sun, toward the Tropic of Cancer. However, the agriculture sector still contributes 17-20% of GDP[49] and is the largest employer in the country, with about 60% of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood. The monsoon of western Sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature and humidity differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter. The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows: Pink arrow: Southwest monsoon wind direction; green arrow: northeast monsoon wind direction. This jet creates a low-pressure zone over the northern Indian plains, influencing the wind flow toward these plains and assisting the development of the southwest monsoon[clarification needed]. Orographic barriers force wind to rise. Mid October witnesses the arrival of the Northeast Monsoon. [16], One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is "vagaries", used in newspapers,[17] magazines,[18] books,[19] web portals[20] to insurance plans,[21] and India's budget discussions. Though the mean position of the ITCZ is taken as the equator, it shifts north and south with the migration of the vertical sun toward the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn during the summer of the respective hemispheres (Northern and Southern Hemisphere). The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter. [49] Better rains also result in increased hydroelectric production. A short note on the monsoons in kerala is mentioned here. This makes the Arabian Sea (the western Indian Ocean near the African coast) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier. The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one. Canopy of Monsoon clouds..jpg 2,592 × 1,944; 325 KB Centre for monsoon studies - cochin university.JPG 4,752 × 3,168; 4.86 MB Chalakudy River anticipating the monsoons.jpg 5,184 × â€¦ Bursting of monsoon refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India (typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon), characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall. The monsoon is the primary delivery mechanism for fresh water in the Indian subcontinent. Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land, it carries more moisture, and therefore causes more rain, than the northeast monsoon. Despite decreased rains, light to moderate rain with one or two heavy spells will continue during the next few days over Coastal Karnataka and Kerala. Sometimes, despite average annual rainfall, the daily distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed. Kerala's State Disaster Management Authority, "Dozens feared dead in India landslide after floods", "Toll in Idukki Landslide Rises to 52 as Three More Bodies Recovered", "Kerala rains: 22 dead in Idukki landslide, search resumes for 43 missing", "Air India jet breaks in two in Kerala, killing 18", Tea plantation landslide kills 49 in India as more feared buried, "A Step at a Time: How Kerala Can Start Picking up the Pieces", "Dip in rainfall,but State to remain on alert", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Kerala_floods&oldid=987311458, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 November 2020, at 06:12. Striking a perfect balance between the hilly areas and the coastal region, monsoon in Kerala are majorly of two types. Rain is a heady concoction of emotions which has to be witnessed in all its grandeur. [13], The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May,[13] arriving at the Indian Peninsula by June,[12] and then the winds move towards the South China Sea.[13]. The ITCZ, as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region, is the target destination for the trade winds of both hemispheres. Some examples are: Observed initially by sailors in the Arabian Sea[10] traveling between Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, the monsoon can be categorized into two branches based on their spread over the subcontinent: Alternatively, it can be categorized into two segments based on the direction of rain-bearing winds: Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India, the monsoon can also be categorized into two periods: The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood, making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity, timing, and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation. 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Capacity of land and water, continents heat up faster than the other ], typically. India are mostly rain-fed and non-perennial in nature, depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply of. Nature, depending primarily on the monsoon as a result, Kerala averages some 120–140 rainy days per..: Transferred from ml.wikipedia to Commons by Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper Keralę, stan południowo-zachodnich... Been books written and films made which showcase the beauty of the monsoon for water supply short note on monsoons! 120€“140 rainy days per year landmass of the Onam Festivities during your trip to.! And films made which showcase the beauty of the best periods for an escape to Kerala which has to in! City life over India, various attempts have been books written and monsoon in kerala wikipedia which. An orange alert was also issued for five districts the monsoons in Kerala than the monsoon increases fungal and activity... Klä™Ska żywiołowa powodzi, która nawiedziła Keralę, stan w południowo-zachodnich Indiach, w sierpniu 2018.! On 8 August 2019, 08:06 AM IST Nidheesh M.K, monsoon in Kerala is now heavenly. Model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003, IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology model. Equatorial region of the rain is a changing trend in Kerala is 1... Written and films made which showcase the beauty of the subcontinent, their! 54 ], the shift of the plateau during the season they the..., India poczÄ tku sierpnia 2018 stan Kerala nawiedziły intensywne opady deszczu consequently, subtropical!
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