2007), and became established by 1910; Florida from April 1929 to July 1930, April 1956 to November 1957, June 1962 to February 1963, June to August 1963, 3-14 August 1981, and April to August 1998; with one or two flies found in various counties during 1967, 1983 to 1988, 1990 to 1991 and in May to October, 1997. The buccal carinae number nine to 10. Knowledge of the hosts in one country often aids in correctly predicting those which are most likely to be infested in a newly infested country, but what may be a preferred host in one part of the world may be a poor host in another. Steck and B.D. Newer version of trap used to capture adult of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Outdoors, their population numbers are highest in the summer, particularly during harvest time. Hosts. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), is one of the world's most destructive fruit pests. Larvae burrow into the pulp of developing fruit and leave through a large exit hole. Stephenson DP. Annual Review of Entomology 5: 171-192. Host Plants of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera Tephritidae): An Annotated World Review. A female Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), pumps eggs through her ovipositor into the soft outer layers of a ripe coffee berry. The anterior spiracles are usually nearly straight on dorsal edge of tubule row (often more straight than illustrated). Entomological Society of America. The anterior buccal carinae are usually nine to 10 in number. It causes the fruit to turn yellow and drop early. 1984. 1998, Papadopoulos 2008). Some countries maintain quarantines against the medfly, which could jeopardize some fresh fruit markets if it should become established in Florida. that look similar to . Medfly training manual. But when given the choice, these annoying pests actually prefer citrus like oranges, limes, and lemons. Larger than a housefly, 7 - 10 mm (0.28 - 0.39 in.) Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. Being a citrus fruit, this hybrid fruit is rich in vitamin C, vitamin A, etc. Cooperative Economic Insect Report 25: 825-839. The anterior of the dorsal bridge has a prominent sclerotized point. 2) A representative sample was inspected and found free of Brevipalpus californicus (Citrus flat mite) and Epiphyas postvittana (Light brown apple moth). Figure 12. Figure 23. If collected larvae must be killed, they should be placed in hot water and then transferred to 70% isopropenol. An adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), emerging from a puparium. infestation of wild flies with sterile flies produced in rearing facilities. Photograph by USDA. The improved version of the McPhail trap uses a combination of three chemicals to attract male and female fruit flies. The larvae may keep close together while feeding until nearly full grown. Graphic by Division of Plant Industry. The number of eggs found at any time in the reproductive organs is no indication of the total number of eggs an individual female is capable of depositing, as new eggs are being formed continually throughout her adult life. During warm weather eggs hatch in 1.5 to three days. The supposed supernumerary lateral papillules of the caudal end, noted by Phillips (1946), are not usually evident in specimens or at most represent only slight plate elevations on the very lateral edge dorsal to L1. There is a wide brownish yellow band across middle of wing. ADDucation’s fruit family list includes some fruits which are commonly believed to be vegetables (avocados, gourds and nightshades) and Rhubarb which is commonly believed to be a fruit but is a vegetable. Sanidad. Reinfestations in the same areas leads some experts to believe the California infestion was never eradicated but was instead reduced to subdetectable levels that periodically resurface (Dawson et al. There are 18 pairs of short waxy filaments around the margin of the body. And one of the most insidious is the Queensland fruit fly (which despite its name, is active well beyond Queensland). Figure 8. Pupa: The pupa is cylindrical, 4 to 4.3 mm long, dark reddish brown, and resembles a swollen grain of wheat. Although several species of cucurbits have been recorded as hosts of the medfly, they are considered to be very poor hosts. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Eggs hatch in 6 - 12 days. Larvae burrow into interior of the fruit to feed on the pulp for 3 - 4 weeks. This method is used for bananas and papaya. Region. The PFF is reddish-brown, with yellow patches o the top and sides of the thorax, two black spots on the face, a faint dark T-shaped mark on the abdomen, and transparent wings with a small brown spot at the tip. Incidence of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in Florida, 1929-1998. Adults may live 11 - 16 months and lay over 1500 eggs. Breeding is continuous with 4 - 6 generations per year. Unless proven otherwise, all cultivars, varieties and hybrids of the plant species listed herein are considered suitable hosts of A. serpentina. Strong preference for grapefruit, Citrus paradisi. The abdomen is oval with fine black bristles scattered on dorsal surface and two narrow transverse light bands on basal half. Once an adult Mediterranean fruit fly is positively identified, the number of baited traps throughout that area is greatly increased to capture the flies and remove them from the environment, and to serve as a monitoring tool for the effectiveness of the eradication program. Most previous illustrations of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of the species have not shown the pharyngeal plate hood, and details of the illustrations also vary among themselves (see Greene 1929, Phillips 1946). Biology of fruit flies. United States Deptartment of Agriculture, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Santa Clara County Agriculture Commissioner, Alameda County Department of Agriculture 215 pp. Journal of Agricultural Research 38: 489-504. (http://www.caripestnetwork.org/vtt/docs/datasheets/diptera/anastrepha_ludens.pdf). Larvae examined came from verified samples from Florida, Hawaii, and Portugal (all are in the larval collection of the Museum of Entomology, Florida State Collection of Arthropods). Photograph by Division of Plant Industry. Head and buccal carinae of larva of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Even after an infestation is believed eradicated, the greatly increased number of traps and their inspection interval remains high for several months before an infestated is officially declared eradicated. Photograph by USDA. Peach infested with larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The adult peach fruit fly (PFF) is about the size of a housefly, 5 to 6 m millimeters (mm) in length. Greene CT. 1929. Yellow to brown body and wing coloration. Citrus x paradisi - line drawing: Citrus x paradisi Macf. Adult: The adult fly is 3.5 to 5 mm in length. Ceratitis citriperda MacLeay United States: Arizona, California, Florida, and Texas. When the sterile flies mate with the fertile population, no offspring are produced. Some hosts have been recorded as medfly hosts only under laboratory conditions and may not be attacked in the field. 2008. Bananas are harvested green and papaya at colour break. Oviposition may take place as early as four to five days after emergence during very warm weather, but not for about 10 days when temperatures range between 68 to 72°F (20 to 22.2°C) (Back and Pemberton 1915). Caribbbean fruit fly One of the more common citrus fruit flies to plague citrus groves is called the Caribbbean fruit fly or Anastrepha suspensa. Citrus fruit flies of Sichuan … A female medfly will lay one to 10 eggs in an egg cavity 1 mm deep, may lay as many as 22 eggs per day, and may lay as many as 800 eggs during her lifetime (usually about 300). The duration of the egg stage is considerably increased by lower temperatures. (http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/tropical/mexican_fruit_fly.htm). Photograph by Peggy Greb, USDA; www.forestryimages.org. Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of tropical fruit flies, and its wide range of hosts, it is ranked first among economically important fruit fly species. Bactrocera tryoni. Life cycle of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), from left to right: adult, pupa, larva and eggs. Larvae of fruit flies. Figure 21. Featured creatures fact sheet: Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). The micropylar region is distinctly tubercular. This helps spread the insecticidal dye-and-bait blend through the population (Moreno et al. Usually about 50% of the flies die during the first two months after emergence. Dorsocentral bristles are anterior of the halfway point between supraalar and acrostichal bristles. Some areas have had almost 100% infestation in stone fruits. There are dark streaks and spots in middle of wing cells in and anterior to anal cell. - 1, branch with leaves; 2, branchlet with fruit. 601 pp. Pictorial key to fruit fly larvae of the family Tephritidae. Steck. UC/AID Pest Management and Related Environmental Protection Project at the University of California, Berkeley. QUARANTINE AREA NOTICE - Bactrocera (Bactrocera) tryoni (Queensland Fruit Fly or Qfly) CLAREMONT, NEDLANDS and DALKEITH SCHEDULE 1 Queensland Fruit Fly Hosts Common Name Scientific Name Abiu Pouteria caimito Acerola Malpighia glabra Rangpur Achachairu Garcinia humilis Apple Malus domestica Lime Apricot Prunus armeniaca Larva: Larva are white with a typical fruit fly larval shape, i.e., cylindrical maggot-shape, elongate, anterior end narrowed and somewhat recurved ventrally, with anterior mouth hooks, and flattened caudal end. The Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii. Countries with established infestations include (CABI 1999): Africa: Algeria, Angola, Berin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Keyna, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malwai, Mali, Maritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St. Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, Central American and Caribbean: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Europe: Albania, Azores, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Maderia Islands, Portugal, southern Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovenia, Spain, Yugoslavia, South American: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Sterile Fruit Fly Release: This control method relies on flooding the area of an 2012. Mediterranean fruit fly infestations in the United States occurred in: Hawaii since 1907 (Mau et al. Newly emerged adults are not sexually mature. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. The thorax of the adult Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is creamy white to yellow with characteristic pattern of black blotches. The length of time required for the medfly to complete its life cycle under typical Florida summer weather conditions, and on which eradication schedules in Florida are based, is 21 to 30 days. Figure 5. Eyes are reddish purple (fluoresce green, turning blackish within 24 hours after death). Anastrepha ludens (Mexican fruit fly) eradicated in the United States. Mediterranean fruit fly in the U.S. - 1975. In Florida, the FDACS-Division of Plant Industry will cooperate with USDA-APHIS in regulating the actions of both commercial entities and homeowners. Useful in citrus, native almond and mango. Photograph by Scott Bauer, USDA. The grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi) is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semisweet, somewhat bitter fruit. 2012. CAB International. Fully grown larvae, when the surrounding air temperature is warm, flex and "jump" repeatedly as much as 25 mm when removed from fruit. At first tunnels are formed by the feeding larvae. 1976. Females will not oviposit when temperatures drop below 60.8°F (16°C) except when exposed to sunlight for several hours. J.A.L. Heppner JB. Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) caribfly, Greater Antilliean fruit fly, guava fruit fly Other species in the genus Anastrepha including the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. The larvae feed upon the pulp of host fruits, sometimes tunneling through it and eventually reducing the whole to a juicy, inedible mass. Head is to the left. Caudal end of larva of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). In the pupal stage, the males can be irradiated to render them sexually sterile (USDA 2000). Figure 18. Over 200 fruits and vegetables are hosts in 49 flowering families. A new technique with temperature-sensitive medflies allows for the mass production of medflies in the laboratory by bathing medfly eggs in warm water — a process that kills the female embryos but doesn't harm the male embryos. Wings are usually held in a drooping position on live flies, are broad and hyaline with black, brown, and brownish yellow markings. Other economically-important fruits and vegetables have been listed as being infested in laboratory conditions. Caribbean fruit flies found in citrus are native to the islands of the same name but have migrated over time to afflict groves worldwide. In Australia, there are no species of . United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Back EA, Pemberton CE. Adults die within four days if they cannot obtain food. Figure 9. United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative Plant Pest Report 1: 117-118. True fruit flies, such as the house fly-sized apple maggot, have intricate, often colorful wing patterns by which females recognize males of their species. in length. Ayers EL. Some adults may survive up to six months or more under favorable conditions of food (fruit, honeydew, or plant sap), water, and cool temperatures. 1971. 13 pp. Back and Pemberton (1915) noted that this period may be increased to at least 19 days when the daily temperature means drop to about 69 to 71°F (20.6 to 21.7°C). Harvesting before complete maturity also is practiced in Mediterranean areas generally infested with this fruit fly. Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa Mexican fruit fly, A. ludens has a much longer ovipositor (only 1.45 – 1.6 mm long in A. suspensa). Weems, Jr., H.V., J.B. Heppner, and G.J. There are six fruit flies in Tonga. 36 pp. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 12: 1-161. The scutellum is inflated and shiny black. Males often show sexual activity four days after emergence, and copulation has been observed five days after emergence. Figure 6. Pupae carry the species through unfavorable conditions, such as lack of food, water, and temperature extremes. Arizona Department of Agriculture. Currently listed as eradicated from these states. Once it is established, eradication efforts may be extremely difficult and expensive. Chessa fruit, also known as Tiessa or Canistel, has the scientific name of Pouteria campechiana. Anastrepha ludens. Light areas have very fine white bristles. Figure 16. Getty. Figure 15. Photograph by Jeffery Lotz, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services-Division of Plant Industry; www.forestryimages.org. 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